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  2. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    Recrystallization: In analytical and synthetic chemistry work, purchased reagents of doubtful purity may be recrystallised, e.g. dissolved in a very pure solvent, and then crystallized, and the crystals recovered, in order to improve and/or verify their purity.

  3. Recrystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)

    Recrystallization is a method used to purify chemicals by dissolving a mixture of a compound and its impurities, in an appropriate solvent, prior to heating the solution. [1] Following the dissolution of crude product, the mixture will passively cool, yielding a crystallized compound and its impurities as separate entities.

  4. Reflux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflux

    The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.

  5. Craig tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_tube

    A Craig tube is an item of apparatus used in small-scale (up to about 100 mg) preparative and analytical chemistry, particularly for recrystallisation.It was invented by Lyman C. Craig and Otto W. Post. [1]

  6. Recrystallization (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(metallurgy)

    Recrystallization is defined as the process in which grains of a crystal structure come in a new structure or new crystal shape. A precise definition of recrystallization is difficult to state as the process is strongly related to several other processes, most notably recovery and grain growth. In some cases it is difficult to precisely define ...

  7. Hydrothermal synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis

    Recrystallization; Seed crystal; Protocrystalline; Single crystal; Methods and technology; Boules; Bridgman–Stockbarger method; Van Arkel–de Boer process; Czochralski method; Epitaxy; Flux method; Fractional crystallization; Fractional freezing; Hydrothermal synthesis; Kyropoulos method; Laser-heated pedestal growth; Micro-pulling-down ...

  8. Deep eutectic solvent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_eutectic_solvent

    Deep eutectic solvents or DESs are solutions of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases which form a eutectic mixture. [1] Deep eutectic solvents are highly tunable through varying the structure or relative ratio of parent components and thus have a wide variety of potential applications including catalytic, separation, and electrochemical processes.

  9. Crystal polymorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_polymorphism

    Phase transitions (phase changes) that help describe polymorphism include polymorphic transitions as well as melting and vaporization transitions. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another phase of the same chemical composition with a different crystal structure."