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Universe set and complement notation The notation L ∁ = def X ∖ L . {\displaystyle L^{\complement }~{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}~X\setminus L.} may be used if L {\displaystyle L} is a subset of some set X {\displaystyle X} that is understood (say from context, or because it is clearly stated what the superset X ...
This construction is used in graph theory, to define the cycle space of a graph. From the property of the inverses in a Boolean group, it follows that the symmetric difference of two repeated symmetric differences is equivalent to the repeated symmetric difference of the join of the two multisets, where for each double set both can be removed ...
Given real numbers x and y, integers m and n and the set of integers, floor and ceiling may be defined by the equations ⌊ ⌋ = {}, ⌈ ⌉ = {}. Since there is exactly one integer in a half-open interval of length one, for any real number x, there are unique integers m and n satisfying the equation
Two-dimensional linear inequalities are expressions in two variables of the form: + < +, where the inequalities may either be strict or not. The solution set of such an inequality can be graphically represented by a half-plane (all the points on one "side" of a fixed line) in the Euclidean plane. [2]
Instead, the inequalities must be solved independently, yielding x < 1 / 2 and x ≥ −1 respectively, which can be combined into the final solution −1 ≤ x < 1 / 2 . Occasionally, chained notation is used with inequalities in different directions, in which case the meaning is the logical conjunction of the inequalities ...
Set-builder notation: denotes the set whose elements are listed between the braces, separated by commas. Set-builder notation : if P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} is a predicate depending on a variable x , then both { x : P ( x ) } {\displaystyle \{x:P(x)\}} and { x ∣ P ( x ) } {\displaystyle \{x\mid P(x)\}} denote the set formed by the values ...
The notation is also used to denote the characteristic function in convex analysis, which is defined as if using the reciprocal of the standard definition of the indicator function. A related concept in statistics is that of a dummy variable .
The optimization problem of finding such a set is called the maximum independent set problem. It is a strongly NP-hard problem. [3] As such, it is unlikely that there exists an efficient algorithm for finding a maximum independent set of a graph. Every maximum independent set also is maximal, but the converse implication does not necessarily hold.