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  2. Remedial education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedial_education

    An example of a full sequence of math remedial courses for low-skill students might include: 1) pre-collegiate math, 2) basic algebra, and 3) intermediate algebra. [45] There are many questions about how this structure both benefits students by increasing their preparation and harms students by increasing the courses required and time needed to ...

  3. Constructive trust - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_trust

    In trust law, a constructive trust is an equitable remedy imposed by a court to benefit a party that has been wrongfully deprived of its rights due to either a person obtaining or holding a legal property right which they should not possess due to unjust enrichment or interference, or due to a breach of fiduciary duty, which is intercausative with unjust enrichment and/or property interference.

  4. Punishment (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment_(psychology)

    Example: A mother yells at a child when they run into the street. If the child stops running into the street, the yelling ceases. The yelling acts as positive punishment because the mother presents (adds) an unpleasant stimulus in the form of yelling. Example: A barefoot person walks onto a hot asphalt surface, creating pain, a positive punishment.

  5. Restitution and unjust enrichment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust...

    For example, in English law, restitution for breach of fiduciary duty is widely available but restitution for breach of contract is fairly exceptional. The wrong could be of any one of the following types: A statutory tort; A common law tort; An equitable wrong [24] A breach of contract; Criminal offences; Note that 1–5 are all causative ...

  6. English unjust enrichment law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_unjust_enrichment_law

    Enrichment. The principles of enrichment and expense are more stable in cases of transfers of goods or money, but contested in cases where labour and benefits in kind are passed. This distinction owes its origin to the fact that, historically speaking, these were different kinds of claim. [13] At the claimant's expense. Cases in which a benefit ...

  7. Behavior modification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_modification

    Behavior modification was a treatment approach that used respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior. Based on methodological behaviorism, [1] overt behavior was modified with (antecedent) stimulus control and consequences, including positive and negative reinforcement contingencies to increase desirable behavior, as well as positive and negative punishment, and extinction to reduce ...

  8. Drive reduction theory (learning theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_reduction_theory...

    Drive reduction theory, developed by Clark Hull in 1943, is a major theory of motivation in the behaviorist learning theory tradition. [1] " Drive" is defined as motivation that arises due to a psychological or physiological need. [2]

  9. Tracking (education) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_(education)

    For example, Domina and Saldana (2012) report that the graduating class of 1982 took an average of 14.6 academic courses while the class of 2004 took 19.1 academic courses. Likewise, the percentage of students graduating with pre-calculus or calculus coursework increased from about 10.3% of students to 32.9% of students.