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Hinduism and Sikhism are Indian religions. Hinduism has pre-historic origins, [ 1 ] while Sikhism was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Both religions share many philosophical concepts such as karma , dharma , mukti , and maya [ 4 ] [ 5 ] although both religions have different interpretation of some of these concepts.
Some Sikhs oppose the exonym term Sikhism as they claim the word was coined by the British colonists rather than by Sikhs themselves, and they instead prefer the endonym Sikhi. They argue that an "-ism" connotes a fixed and immutable worldview which is not congruent with the internally fluid nature of the Sikh philosophy. [14]
In Hinduism, it is also known as karma yoga, as described in the Bhagavata Gita. [2] In Sikhism seva is an act of service to Waheguru (Supreme God), and it is a way to become closer to Waheguru. The principles of seva underpin many Sikh values - such is the importance given to Seva in Sikhism.
Sikh scholar Bhai Mani Singh is quoted as saying that Sikhism has all the essence of Vedanta philosophy. Historically, the Sikh symbol of Ik Oankaar has had a monistic meaning, and has been reduced to simply meaning, "There is but One God", [ 310 ] which is incorrect. [ 311 ]
The field is seen as beginning around the mid-20th century, during the time of the partition of the Indian subcontinent into two domains: Pakistan and India. [1] Literature in European languages regarding Sikhs and Sikhism has existed since the 18th century but the institutional environment did not exist at that period to further these inquiries and attempts into a proper field of study. [1]
Al-Biruni (973 – c. 1050) and Ibn Hazm (994 – 1064), both of the Islamic Golden Age and considered as the "fathers of comparative religion", compared the study of religious pluralism and their works have been significant in the fields of theology and philosophy.
The Sikhs are adherents to Sikhism, the fifth largest organized religion in the world, with around 25 million adherents. [1] Sikh History is around 500 years and in that time the Sikhs have developed unique expressions of art and culture which are influenced by their faith and synthesize traditions from many other cultures depending on the locality of the adherents of the religion.
Thus, states Nicholson, the colonial era Indologist definition of astika and nastika schools of Indian philosophy, was based on a narrow study of literature such as a version of Manusmriti, while in truth these terms are more complex and contextually apply within the diverse schools of Indian philosophies.