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The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
[1] [2] The terms mathematical constant or physical constant are sometimes used to distinguish this meaning. [3] A function whose value remains unchanged (i.e., a constant function). [4] Such a constant is commonly represented by a variable which does not depend on the main variable(s) in question.
A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]
A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory and therefore must be measured experimentally. It is distinct from a mathematical constant , which has a fixed numerical value, but does not directly involve any physical measurement.
A mathematical constant is a number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, ... It appears in many formulas in physics, ...
The electrostatic CGS system implicitly sets 4πε 0 = 1, as commonly found in older physics literature, where the expression of the fine-structure constant becomes =. A nondimensionalised system commonly used in high energy physics sets ε 0 = c = ħ = 1 , where the expressions for the fine-structure constant becomes [ 10 ] α = e 2 4 π ...
Faraday constant: coulombs per mole (C⋅mol −1) frequency: hertz (Hz) function: friction: newton (N) electrical conductance: siemens (S) universal gravitational constant: newton meter squared per kilogram squared (N⋅m 2 /kg 2) shear modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2)
[6] [7] [8] The cosmological constant Λ is the simplest possible explanation for dark energy, and is used in the standard model of cosmology known as the ΛCDM model. According to quantum field theory (QFT), which underlies modern particle physics, empty space is defined by the vacuum state, which is composed of a collection of quantum fields.