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During the Cold War, many Western historians were inclined to see Russia as "the enemy", and there was a tendency to downplay and dismiss Russia's contributions to the defeat of Napoleon. [217] As such, Napoleon's claim that the Russians did not defeat him and he was just the victim of fate in 1812 was very appealing to many Western historians.
The total is 643,500 men, but at least 130,000 were auxiliary troops, involved in the supply of the army. Anthony Joes in Journal of Conflict Studies wrote that: [40] Figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary rather widely.
A mass grave of soldiers killed at the Battle of Waterloo. The casualties of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), direct and indirect, are broken down below: . Note that the following deaths listed include both killed in action as well as deaths from other causes: diseases such as those from wounds; of starvation; exposure; drowning; friendly fire; and atrocities.
The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies. That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow; few marched back. [94] The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them.
Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 (2008), 621pp; Gates, David. The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 (NY: Random House, 2011) Hazen, Charles Downer. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1917) online free; Nafziger, George F. The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign (2014) Parker, Harold T. "Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia?
The main part of Napoleon's army had entered Russia with 286,000 men, [22] but by the time of the battle was reduced mostly through starvation and disease. [15] Napoleon I on the Borodino Heights, by Vasily Vereshchagin (1897) Kutuzov's army established a defensive line near the village of Borodino. [23]
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The French retreated westwards the same already devastated way they had come but starvation, diseases like epidemic typhus and hypothermia (Russia suffered a cold winter in November and December) really set in and Napoleon lost 500,000 men in total in Russia. [6]