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In set theory, an ordinal number, or ordinal, is a generalization of ordinal numerals (first, second, n th, etc.) aimed to extend enumeration to infinite sets. [ 1 ] A finite set can be enumerated by successively labeling each element with the least natural number that has not been previously used.
Ordinal indicator – Character(s) following an ordinal number (used when writing ordinal numbers, such as a super-script) Ordinal number – Generalization of "n-th" to infinite cases (the related, but more formal and abstract, usage in mathematics) Ordinal data, in statistics; Ordinal date – Date written as number of days since first day of ...
In the mathematical field of set theory, ordinal arithmetic describes the three usual operations on ordinal numbers: addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. Each can be defined in essentially two different ways: either by constructing an explicit well-ordered set that represents the result of the operation or by using transfinite recursion .
Using the definition of ordinal numbers suggested by John von Neumann, ordinal numbers are defined as hereditarily transitive sets: an ordinal number is a transitive set whose members are also transitive (and thus ordinals). The class of all ordinals is a transitive class.
Every well-ordered set is order-equivalent to exactly one ordinal number, by definition. The ordinal numbers are taken to be the canonical representatives of their classes, and so the order type of a well-ordered set is usually identified with the corresponding ordinal. Order types thus often take the form of arithmetic expressions of ordinals.
Any ordinal number can be turned into a topological space by using the order topology. When viewed as a topological space, ω 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{1}} is often written as [ 0 , ω 1 ) {\displaystyle [0,\omega _{1})} , to emphasize that it is the space consisting of all ordinals smaller than ω 1 {\displaystyle \omega _{1}} .
Since the epsilon numbers are an unbounded subclass of the ordinal numbers, they are enumerated using the ordinal numbers themselves. For any ordinal number , is the least epsilon number (fixed point of the exponential map) not already in the set {<}. It might appear that this is the non-constructive equivalent of the constructive definition ...
The literature contains a few equivalent definitions of the parity of an ordinal α: Every limit ordinal (including 0) is even. The successor of an even ordinal is odd, and vice versa. [1] [2] Let α = λ + n, where λ is a limit ordinal and n is a natural number. The parity of α is the parity of n. [3]
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