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The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the peak amplitude squared (giving the peak power) divided by the RMS value squared (giving the average power). [1] It is the square of the crest factor. When expressed in decibels , crest factor and PAPR are equivalent, due to the way decibels are calculated for power ratios vs amplitude ratios .
One voltage cycle of a three-phase system, labeled 0 to 360° (2π radians) along the time axis. The plotted line represents the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) with respect to time. This cycle repeats with a frequency that depends on the power system.
[16] [1] [17] [18] For other waveforms, the relationship between peak power and average power is the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). The peak power of an amplifier is determined by the voltage rails and the maximum amount of current its electronic components can handle for an instant without damage.
The same principle applies, and (for example) a current of 10 amps used for 12 hours each 24-hour day represents an average current of 5 amps, but an RMS current of 7.07 amps, in the long term. The term RMS power is sometimes erroneously used (e.g., in the audio industry) as a synonym for mean power or average power (it is proportional to the ...
Peak envelope power (PEP) is the average power over a single radio frequency cycle at the crest of the modulation. This is a Federal Communications Commission definition. PEP is normally considered the occasional or continuously repeating crest of the modulation envelope under normal operating conditions.
Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action, the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency. Distortion power factor is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load. Sinusoidal voltage and non-sinusoidal ...
In the important case that E(t) is sinusoidally varying at some frequency with peak amplitude E peak, E rms is /, with the average Poynting vector then given by: =. This is the most common form for the energy flux of a plane wave, since sinusoidal field amplitudes are most often expressed in terms of their peak values, and complicated problems ...
Intensity is used most frequently with waves such as acoustic waves , matter waves such as electrons in electron microscopes, and electromagnetic waves such as light or radio waves, in which case the average power transfer over one period of the wave is used. Intensity can be applied to other circumstances where energy is transferred.