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Side effects of methenamine are generally minor and include upset stomach, nausea, and headache, among others. [3] [19] [7] Methenamine is a prodrug of formaldehyde in acidic urine. [3] [8] [9] Formaldehyde is a non-specific antiseptic and bactericide which works via denaturation of bacterial proteins and nucleic acids.
Type A reactions are dosage (concentration) dependent. Usually, this kind of side effect is an extension of an ongoing treatment. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are termed toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in the field of ecotoxicology. Here, the focus is on toxic effects on a wide range of organisms.
Calcium carbonate antacid tablets. An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach. [1] Some antacids have been used in the treatment of constipation and diarrhea. [2] Marketed antacids contain salts of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium. [2]
It is typically caused by kidney failure or is treatment-induced such as from antacids or supplements that contain magnesium. [1] [6] Less common causes include tumor lysis syndrome, seizures, and prolonged ischemia. [2] Diagnosis is based on a blood level of magnesium greater than 1.1 mmol/L (2.6 mg/dL).
Chemical Agents Warning Properties Latency Period Initial Symptoms Blister Agents Lewisite Gas: colorless Odor: geraniums Seconds to minutes
Many of the drugs in the same class exert additive effect as they have a similar therapeutic mechanism of action.For example, the calcium carbonate, magnesium, and aluminium salts are all antacids with the mechanism of using the negative ion to neutralize the acid in the stomach. [5]
Proton-pump inhibitors have largely superseded the H 2-receptor antagonists, a group of medications with similar effects but a different mode of action, and heavy use of antacids. [3] A potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) revaprazan was marketed in Korea as an alternative to a PPI.
Paradoxical effects of benzodiazepines appear to be dose-related, that is, likelier to occur with higher doses. [ 16 ] In a letter to the British Medical Journal , it was reported that a high proportion of parents referred for actual or threatened child abuse were taking medication at the time, often a combination of benzodiazepines and ...