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Calcium carbonate antacid tablets. An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach. [1] Some antacids have been used in the treatment of constipation and diarrhea. [2] Marketed antacids contain salts of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or sodium. [2]
Many of the drugs in the same class exert additive effect as they have a similar therapeutic mechanism of action.For example, the calcium carbonate, magnesium, and aluminium salts are all antacids with the mechanism of using the negative ion to neutralize the acid in the stomach. [5]
Side effects of methenamine are generally minor and include upset stomach, nausea, and headache, among others. [3] [19] [7] Methenamine is a prodrug of formaldehyde in acidic urine. [3] [8] [9] Formaldehyde is a non-specific antiseptic and bactericide which works via denaturation of bacterial proteins and nucleic acids.
Type A reactions are dosage (concentration) dependent. Usually, this kind of side effect is an extension of an ongoing treatment. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are termed toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics in the field of ecotoxicology. Here, the focus is on toxic effects on a wide range of organisms.
A popular example of drug–food interaction is the effect of grapefruit on the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors , directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABA A receptors , and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can ...
It is typically caused by kidney failure or is treatment-induced such as from antacids or supplements that contain magnesium. [1] [6] Less common causes include tumor lysis syndrome, seizures, and prolonged ischemia. [2] Diagnosis is based on a blood level of magnesium greater than 1.1 mmol/L (2.6 mg/dL).
Proton-pump inhibitors have largely superseded the H 2-receptor antagonists, a group of medications with similar effects but a different mode of action, and heavy use of antacids. [3] A potassium-competitive acid blocker (PCAB) revaprazan was marketed in Korea as an alternative to a PPI.
Simethicone tablets. Simeticone is used to relieve the symptoms of excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract, namely bloating, burping, and flatulence. [2] [3] While there is a lack of conclusive evidence that simeticone is effective for this use, [4] [5] [failed verification] studies have shown that it can relieve symptoms of functional dyspepsia [6] and functional bloating.