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  2. Duplicating machines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicating_machines

    Using letter copying presses, copies could be made up to twenty-four hours after a letter was written, though copies made within a few hours were best. A copying clerk would begin by counting the number of master letters to be written during the next few hours and by preparing the copying book. Suppose the clerk wanted to copy 20 one-page letters.

  3. List of duplicating processes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_duplicating_processes

    Methods of copying handwritten letters Manifold stylographic writer, using early "carbonic paper" Letter copying book process; Mechanical processes Tracing to make accurate hand-drawn copies; Pantograph, manual device for making drawn copies without tracing, can also enlarge or reduce; Printmaking, which includes engraving and etching

  4. Polygraph (duplicating device) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph_(duplicating_device)

    A Polygraph is a duplicating device that produces a copy of a piece of writing simultaneously with the creation of the original, using pens and ink. Patented by John Isaac Hawkins on May 17, 1803, it was most famously used by the third U.S. president, Thomas Jefferson , who acquired his first polygraph in 1804 and later suggested improvements ...

  5. Canon Production Printing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Production_Printing

    The so-called 'copy press' technology in this machine differed from the true xerographic reproduction in that it did not use a developer, utilized fewer electro-static charges in the printing engine (hence supposedly minimizing ozone emissions), and maintained a lower fusing temperature. Soon after, the company also developed an application for ...

  6. Printing press - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press

    A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink.It marked a dramatic improvement on earlier printing methods in which the cloth, paper, or other medium was brushed or rubbed repeatedly to achieve the transfer of ink and accelerated the process.

  7. Copying - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying

    In visual art, copying the works of the masters is a standard way that students learn to paint and sculpt. [1] Often, artists will use the term after to credit the original artist in the title of the copy (regardless of how similar the two works appear) such as in Vincent van Gogh's "First Steps (after Millet)" and Pablo Picasso's "Luncheon on the Grass, after Manet" (based on Manet's well ...

  8. Mimeograph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph

    The process was called mimeography, and a copy made by the process was a mimeograph. Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and hectographs, were common technologies for printing small quantities of a document, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins.

  9. Rotary printing press - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_printing_press

    The rotary press itself is an evolution of the cylinder press, also patented by William Nicholson, invented by Beaucher of France in the 1780s and by Friedrich Koenig in the early 19th century. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Rotary drum printing was invented by Josiah Warren in 1832, [ 3 ] whose design was later imitated by Richard March Hoe in 1843. [ 4 ]