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That is, if portfolio always has better values than portfolio under almost all scenarios then the risk of should be less than the risk of . [2] E.g. If is an in the money call option (or otherwise) on a stock, and is also an in the money call option with a lower strike price.
Subadditivity is one of the desirable properties of coherent risk measures in risk management. [11] The economic intuition behind risk measure subadditivity is that a portfolio risk exposure should, at worst, simply equal the sum of the risk exposures of the individual positions that compose the portfolio.
The upside-potential ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted returns. All such measures are dependent on some measure of risk. In practice, standard deviation is often used, perhaps because it is mathematically easy to manipulate. However, standard deviation treats deviations above the mean (which are desirable, from the investor's perspective ...
The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame structure rather than the lighter, but less easy to modify, unibody design used by most European automakers. The origin of the phrase planned obsolescence goes back at least as far as 1932 with Bernard London 's pamphlet Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence ...
A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one thing is actually offered. The term is often used to describe an illusion that choices are available. The best known Hobson's choice is "I'll give you a choice: take it or leave it", wherein "leaving it" is strongly undesirable.
Risk neutrality. Only one investor has partially private information so that only one agent makes an investment decision. Furthermore, the solution also requires 'powerful' contracts to be written. Complex contracts can be written. Each party commits to participate so all parties are willing to sign the contract at the time of signing.
Another word for muscle pain, myalgia affects muscles, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissues. In clinical trials of Cialis, one to four percent of men reported muscle pain as an adverse effect.
The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk [1] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I e − I u {\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} is the incidence in the ...