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  2. Coherent risk measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_risk_measure

    That is, if portfolio always has better values than portfolio under almost all scenarios then the risk of should be less than the risk of . [2] E.g. If is an in the money call option (or otherwise) on a stock, and is also an in the money call option with a lower strike price.

  3. Subadditivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subadditivity

    Subadditivity is one of the desirable properties of coherent risk measures in risk management. [11] The economic intuition behind risk measure subadditivity is that a portfolio risk exposure should, at worst, simply equal the sum of the risk exposures of the individual positions that compose the portfolio.

  4. Upside potential ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_potential_ratio

    The upside-potential ratio is a measure of risk-adjusted returns. All such measures are dependent on some measure of risk. In practice, standard deviation is often used, perhaps because it is mathematically easy to manipulate. However, standard deviation treats deviations above the mean (which are desirable, from the investor's perspective ...

  5. Planned obsolescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence

    The frequent design changes also made it necessary to use a body-on-frame structure rather than the lighter, but less easy to modify, unibody design used by most European automakers. The origin of the phrase planned obsolescence goes back at least as far as 1932 with Bernard London 's pamphlet Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence ...

  6. Hobson's choice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson's_choice

    A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one thing is actually offered. The term is often used to describe an illusion that choices are available. The best known Hobson's choice is "I'll give you a choice: take it or leave it", wherein "leaving it" is strongly undesirable.

  7. Hold-up problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold-up_problem

    Risk neutrality. Only one investor has partially private information so that only one agent makes an investment decision. Furthermore, the solution also requires 'powerful' contracts to be written. Complex contracts can be written. Each party commits to participate so all parties are willing to sign the contract at the time of signing.

  8. Cialis Side Effects: What to Expect (& How to Avoid Them) - AOL

    www.aol.com/cialis-side-effects-expect-avoid...

    Another word for muscle pain, myalgia affects muscles, ligaments, tendons, and connective tissues. In clinical trials of Cialis, one to four percent of men reported muscle pain as an adverse effect.

  9. Risk difference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_difference

    The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk [1] is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I e − I u {\displaystyle I_{e}-I_{u}} , where I e {\displaystyle I_{e}} is the incidence in the exposed group, and I u {\displaystyle I_{u}} is the incidence in the ...