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John Calvin (/ ˈ k æ l v ɪ n /; [1] Middle French: Jehan Cauvin; French: Jean Calvin [ʒɑ̃ kalvɛ̃]; 10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
[1] Canon 3 of the ecumenical Fourth Council of the Lateran, 1215 required secular authorities to "exterminate in the territories subject to their jurisdiction all heretics" pointed out by the Catholic Church, [2] resulting in the inquisitor executing certain people accused of heresy. Some laws allowed the civil government to employ punishment.
Bolsec was banished from the city, and after Calvin's death, he wrote a biography which severely maligned Calvin's character. [35] In the following year, Joachim Westphal , a Gnesio-Lutheran pastor in Hamburg, condemned Calvin and Zwingli as heretics in denying the eucharistic doctrine of the union of Christ's body with the elements.
Auguste Sabatier (1839–1901), symbolofideist, called by some "the greatest French theologian since Calvin", expert on dogma and the links between theology and culture (French Lutheran). [ 617 ] Jacques Saurin (1677–1730), pastor, Threadneedle Street and the Netherlands refugee communities, early advocate of religious tolerance.
The title page from the 1834 edition of John Calvin's Institutio Christiane Religionis. Calvin developed his theology, the most enduring component of his thought, in his biblical commentaries as well as his sermons and treatises, and he gave the most concise expression of his views on Christian theology in his magnum opus, the Institutes of the Christian Religion. [3]
Calvinism was systemised by John Calvin in mid 16th century Geneva, being further rigorised at the Dutch 17th century Synod of Dort. Calvinism forms the basis of the doctrines of the Reformed churches, including those of the Netherlands, England, Scotland, and central Europe.
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— John Calvin, French theologian and Protestant reformer, principal developer of Calvinism (27 May 1564) "Tomorrow, at sunrise, I shall no longer be here." [8] [25] [36] [77] ("Vous ne me trouverez pas vivant au lever du soleil.") — Nostradamus, French seer (2 July 1566), correctly predicting his death "I desire to die and be with Christ." [8]