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Beta blockers exert their pharmacological effect, decreased heart rate, by binding to and competitively antagonising a type of receptor called beta adrenoceptors. [1] In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. [2]
The combination of beta blockers and antihypertensive drugs will work on different mechanism to lower blood pressure. [17] For example, the co-administration of beta-1 blocker atenolol and ACE inhibitor lisinopril could produce a 50% larger reduction in blood pressure than using either drug alone.
Thus a lowering of disposition index predicts the conversion of insulin resistance to diabetes mellitus type 2. [13] Disposition index, but not insulin resistance, can predict type 2 diabetes in persons with normal blood glucose levels, but who do not have a family history ( genetic predisposition ) to type 2 diabetes.
Beta blockers are used to treat acute cardiovascular toxicity (e.g. in overdose) caused by sympathomimetics, for instance caused by amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, ephedrine, and other drugs. [38] Combined α 1 and beta blockers like labetalol and carvedilol may be more favorable for such purposes due to the possibility of "unopposed α ...
An example of a receptor site that possesses basal activity and for which inverse agonists have been identified is the GABA A receptors.Agonists for GABA A receptors (such as muscimol) create a relaxant effect, whereas inverse agonists have agitation effects (for example, Ro15-4513) or even convulsive and anxiogenic effects (certain beta-carbolines).
Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood.With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
Betaxolol also shows greater affinity for beta 1 receptors than metoprolol. In addition to its effect on the heart, betaxolol reduces the pressure within the eye ( intraocular pressure ). This effect is thought to be caused by reducing the production of the liquid (which is called the aqueous humor ) within the eye.
Glucagon is a hormone that rapidly counters the metabolic effects of insulin in the liver, causing glycogenolysis and release of glucose into the blood. It can raise the glucose by 30–100 mg/dL within minutes in any form of hypoglycemia caused by insulin excess (including all types of diabetic hypoglycemia).