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Oxidative free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical and the superoxide radical, can cause DNA damages, and such damages have been proposed to play a key role in the aging of crucial tissues. [20] DNA damage can result in reduced gene expression, cell death and ultimately tissue dysfunction. [20]
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The hallmarks of aging are the types of biochemical changes that occur in all organisms that experience biological aging and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, death.
Senescence (/ s ɪ ˈ n ɛ s ə n s /) or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms. Whole organism senescence involves an increase in death rates or a decrease in fecundity with increasing age, at least in the later part of an organism's life cycle.
Progeria is another example of a disease that may be related to cell senescence. The disease is thought to be caused by mutations in the DNA damage response, telomere shortening, or a combination of the two. [82] Progeroid syndromes are all examples of aging diseases where cell senescence appears to be implicated.
Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older. The term refers mainly to humans , many other animals , and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal . [ 1 ]
A new epigenetic mark found in studies of aging cells is the loss of histones.Most of the evidence shows that loss of histones is linked to cell division. In aging and dividing yeast MNase-seq (Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing) showed a loss of nucleosomes of ~50%.
Aging skin is characterized by wrinkles, loss of skin flexibility, laxity, and having a rough appearance in the skin texture. Prevalent throughout the body, loss of collagen can also contribute to numerous other disorders such as joint pain , weakened hair and nails , reduced bone density , gastrointestinal issues , and reduced muscle mass .
In biogerontology, the disposable soma theory of aging states that organisms age due to an evolutionary trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA repair maintenance. [1] Formulated by British biologist Thomas Kirkwood , the disposable soma theory explains that an organism only has a limited amount of resources that it can allocate to its ...