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The Cambridge History of Science. Vol. 2, Medieval Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59448-6. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04; Parkinson, Claire (1985). Breakthroughs. A chronology of great achievements in science and mathematics, 1200-1930. Mansell. ISBN 0-7201-1800-X. Restivo, Sal P. (2005).
These works and the important commentaries on them were the wellspring of science during the medieval period. They were translated into Arabic, the lingua franca of this period. Islamic scholarship in the sciences had inherited Aristotelian physics from the Greeks and during the Islamic Golden Age developed it further. However the Islamic world ...
Physics was transformed by the discoveries of quantum mechanics, relativity, and atomic theory at the beginning of the 20th century. Physics today may be divided loosely into classical physics and modern physics. Many detailed articles on specific topics are available through the Outline of the history of physics.
"The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World" (PDF). Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilization; Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition". The International Medical Journal. 4 (2): 76–79.
F. Micheau (scientific institutions in the medieval Near East) J. Jolivet (classifications of the sciences) M. Mahdi (historiography) B. Goldstein (heritage of Arabic science in Hebrew) H. Hugonnard-Roche, A. Allard, D. Lindberg, R. Halleux, and D. Jacquart (Western reception of various Arabic sciences)
Theodore Metochites (1270–1332) was a Byzantine author and philosopher. His extant works comprises 20 Poems in dactylic hexameter, 18 orations (Logoi), Commentaries on Aristotle's writings on natural philosophy, an introduction to the study of Ptolemaic astronomy (Stoicheiosis astronomike), and 120 essays on various subjects, the Semeioseis gnomikai.
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the Post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery .
Middle Ages – periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era . It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic , Medieval and Modern .