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  2. Irrational number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number

    He provided definitions for rational and irrational magnitudes, which he treated as irrational numbers. He dealt with them freely but explains them in geometric terms as follows: [20] "It will be a rational (magnitude) when we, for instance, say 10, 12, 3%, 6%, etc., because its value is pronounced and expressed quantitatively.

  3. Transcendental number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number

    Hence, the set of real numbers consists of non-overlapping sets of rational, algebraic irrational, and transcendental real numbers. [3] For example, the square root of 2 is an irrational number, but it is not a transcendental number as it is a root of the polynomial equation x 2 − 2 = 0.

  4. Transcendental number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number_theory

    For rational numbers, ω(x, 1) = 0 and is at least 1 for irrational real numbers. A Liouville number is defined to have infinite measure of irrationality. Roth's theorem says that irrational real algebraic numbers have measure of irrationality 1.

  5. List of types of numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_numbers

    Rational numbers (): Numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of an integer to a non-zero integer. [3] All integers are rational, but there are rational numbers that are not integers, such as −2/9. Real numbers (): Numbers that correspond to points along a line. They can be positive, negative, or zero.

  6. Irrationality measure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationality_measure

    Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic irrational numbers , have an irrationality exponent exactly ...

  7. Proof that e is irrational - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_e_is_irrational

    In 1840, Liouville published a proof of the fact that e 2 is irrational [10] followed by a proof that e 2 is not a root of a second-degree polynomial with rational coefficients. [11] This last fact implies that e 4 is irrational. His proofs are similar to Fourier's proof of the irrationality of e.

  8. Algebraic number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number

    Likewise, tan ⁠ 3 π / 16 ⁠, tan ⁠ 7 π / 16 ⁠, tan ⁠ 11 π / 16 ⁠, and tan ⁠ 15 π / 16 ⁠ satisfy the irreducible polynomial x 4 − 4x 3 − 6x 2 + 4x + 1 = 0, and so are conjugate algebraic integers. This is the equivalent of angles which, when measured in degrees, have rational numbers. [2] Some but not all irrational ...

  9. Constructive proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_proof

    A constructive proof of the theorem that a power of an irrational number to an irrational exponent may be rational gives an actual example, such as: =, = ⁡, =. The square root of 2 is irrational, and 3 is rational.