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  2. Interaction picture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_picture

    By utilizing the interaction picture, one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to find the effect of H 1,I, [15]: 355ff e.g., in the derivation of Fermi's golden rule, [15]: 359–363 or the Dyson series [15]: 355–357 in quantum field theory: in 1947, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger appreciated that covariant perturbation ...

  3. Dynamical pictures - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_pictures

    where the interaction picture perturbation Hamiltonian becomes a time-dependent Hamiltonian—unless [H 1,s, H 0,s] = 0 . It is possible to obtain the interaction picture for a time-dependent Hamiltonian H 0,s ( t ) as well, but the exponentials need to be replaced by the unitary propagator for the evolution generated by H 0,s ( t ), or more ...

  4. Cooling curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_curve

    The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. [1] Below is an example of a cooling curve used in castings . The initial point of the graph is the starting temperature of the matter, here noted as the "pouring temperature".

  5. Titration curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration_curve

    A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid, oxalic acid, titrated with a strong base, sodium hydroxide.Both equivalence points are visible. Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the ...

  6. Design of experiments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments

    The same is true for intervening variables (a variable in between the supposed cause (X) and the effect (Y)), and anteceding variables (a variable prior to the supposed cause (X) that is the true cause). When a third variable is involved and has not been controlled for, the relation is said to be a zero order relationship. In most practical ...

  7. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of ...

  8. Data and information visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_and_information...

    It is primarily used to look up specific values. In the example above, the table might have categorical column labels representing the name (a qualitative variable) and age (a quantitative variable), with each row of data representing one person (the sampled experimental unit or category subdivision).

  9. Scatter plot - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter_plot

    The different variables are combined to form coordinates in the phase space and they are displayed using glyphs and coloured using another scalar variable. [ 1 ] A scatter plot , also called a scatterplot , scatter graph , scatter chart , scattergram , or scatter diagram , [ 2 ] is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian ...