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HPV is a group of more than 200 related viruses, which are designated by a number for each virus type. [10] Some HPV types, such as HPV5, may establish infections that persist for the lifetime of the individual without ever manifesting any clinical symptoms. HPV types 1 and 2 can cause common warts in some infected individuals. [18]
The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck.
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
It is effective, inexpensive, safe for pregnancy, and does not usually cause scarring. [15] Electrocauterization (sometimes called "loop electrical excision procedure" or LEEP) is a procedure with a long history of use and is considered effective. [15] Laser ablation has less evidence to suggest its use.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
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On Jan. 2, tennis legend Martina Navratilova announced that she has two types of cancer, breast and throat, the latter caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Her news shines light on HPV, a ...
Pap tests can usually be performed during pregnancy up to at least 24 weeks of gestational age. [34] Pap tests during pregnancy have not been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. [34] An inflammatory component is commonly seen on Pap smears from pregnant women [35] and does not appear to be a risk for subsequent preterm birth. [36]
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