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For variance-based discrimination to occur, the decision maker needs to be risk averse; such a decision maker will prefer the group with the lower variance. [8] Even assuming two theoretically identical groups (in all respects, including average and variance), a risk averse decision maker will prefer the group for which a measurement (signal ...
Another example is Butler's pedagogical approach to incorporating intersectionality, focusing on letting her disabled students communicate through a variation of assignments. Examples of these variations are video reflections or an analysis of digital spaces. The video reflections are more geared towards mindful interactions.
The article concludes that while it's possible that "discouraged women" and "surplus education" could explain low labor market participation and employment rates in Muslim women, the most likely cause is discrimination based on "visibility and religious affiliation" [113] The article describes this visibility as "physical visibility and ...
Ageism or age discrimination is discrimination and stereotyping based on the grounds of someone's age. [14] It is a set of beliefs, norms, and values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on a person's age. [15] Ageism is most often directed toward elderly people, or adolescents and children. [16] [17]
Institutionalized discrimination also exists in institutions aside from the government such as religion, education, and marriage among many other. Routines that encourage the selection of one individual over another, for instance in an employment situation, is a form of institutionalized discrimination. The phenomenon occurs unintentionally at ...
An article written by Emily Drew In Critical Studies in Media Communication journal published in 2011 reviewed data from the interviews of 31 reporters from 28 major newspapers across the U.S. [13] Each major newspaper had at one time published a series of articles covering race relations lasting from one month to a year. Throughout the ...
Discrimination against the elderly population has been document in healthcare and employment settings, where elderly individuals tend to devalued and the targets of ageist stereotypes. For example, doctors tend to prescribe milder treatments for elderly individuals whom they are likely to perceive as physically and psychologically frail. [102]
Gender-based price discrimination is a form of economic discrimination that involves price disparities for identical goods or services based on an individual's gender, and may reinforce negative stereotypes about both women and men in matching markets. Race and class-based price discrimination also exists. [1]