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Racial profiling or ethnic profiling is the selective enforcement or selective prosecution based on race or ethnicity, rather than individual suspicion or evidence. This practice involves discrimination against minority populations and often relies on negative stereotypes.
Discrimination based on skin color,(measured for example on the Fitzpatrick scale) or hair texture (measured for example on a scale from 1a to 4c) [5] [6] is closely related to racial discrimination, as skin color and hair texture are often used as a proxy for race in everyday interactions, and is one factor used by legal systems that apply ...
An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality and provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research. [10]
The article concludes that while it's possible that "discouraged women" and "surplus education" could explain low labor market participation and employment rates in Muslim women, the most likely cause is discrimination based on "visibility and religious affiliation" [113] The article describes this visibility as "physical visibility and ...
Ageism or age discrimination is discrimination and stereotyping based on the grounds of someone's age. [14] It is a set of beliefs, norms, and values which used to justify discrimination or subordination based on a person's age. [15] Ageism is most often directed toward elderly people, or adolescents and children. [16] [17]
A federal judge on Friday allowed two female Topeka police administrators to proceed with pursuing a gender discrimination lawsuit against the city but threw out all but one of the claims involved.
Stigma may also be described as a label that associates a person to a set of unwanted characteristics that form a stereotype. It is also affixed. [3] Once people identify and label one's differences, others will assume that is just how things are and the person will remain stigmatized until the stigmatizing attribute is undetectable.
Discrimination can also occur on group variances in the signals (i.e. in how noisy the signal is), even assuming equal averages. For variance-based discrimination to occur, the decision maker needs to be risk averse; such a decision maker will prefer the group with the lower variance. [8]