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  2. Standard streams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams

    On POSIX systems, the file descriptor for standard input is 0 (zero); the POSIX <unistd.h> definition is STDIN_FILENO; the corresponding C <stdio.h> abstraction is provided via the FILE* stdin global variable. Similarly, the global C++ std::cin variable of type <iostream> provides an abstraction via C++ streams.

  3. C string handling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_string_handling

    Strings are passed to functions by passing a pointer to the first code unit. Since char * and wchar_t * are different types, the functions that process wide strings are different than the ones processing normal strings and have different names. String literals ("text" in the C source code) are converted to arrays during compilation. [2]

  4. printf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printf

    sprintf writes to a string buffer instead of standard output. snprintf provides a level of safety over sprintf since the caller provides a length (n) parameter that specifies the maximum number or chars to write to the buffer. For most printf-family functions, there is a variant that accepts va_list rather than a variable length parameter list.

  5. C file input/output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_file_input/output

    The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and output.These functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header <stdio.h>. [1] The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, [2] and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version 7.

  6. Null-terminated string - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string

    This allows the string to contain NUL and made finding the length need only one memory access (O(1) (constant) time), but limited string length to 255 characters. C designer Dennis Ritchie chose to follow the convention of null-termination to avoid the limitation on the length of a string and because maintaining the count seemed, in his ...

  7. Redirection (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirection_(computing)

    The rule is that any redirection sets the handle to the output stream independently. So "2>&1" sets handle 2 to whatever handle 1 points to, which at that point usually is stdout. Then ">" redirects handle 1 to something else, e.g. a file, but it does not change handle 2, which still points to stdout.

  8. C shell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell

    >> file means stdout will be appended at the end of file. >>& file means both stdout and stderr will be appended at the end of file. < file means stdin will be read from file. << string is a here document. Stdin will read the following lines up to the one that matches string. Redirecting stderr alone isn't possible without the aid of a sub-shell.

  9. tee (command) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_(command)

    Similarly, both the stdout and stderr output streams can be redirected to standard output and the program.lint using stream redirection: lint program.c 2 > & 1 | tee program.lint To view and append the output from a command to an existing file: