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Article processing fees for journals indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (2019). Journals use a variety of ways to generate the income required to cover publishing costs (including editorial costs, any costs of administering the peer review system), such as subsidies from institutions [7] and subscriptions.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is a financial estimate intended to help buyers and owners determine the direct and indirect costs of a product or service. It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost accounting or even ecological economics where it includes social costs.
A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation.The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate has a single total value and may have identifiable component values.
In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. [1] [2] Sunk costs are contrasted with prospective costs, which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. [3]
An operating expense (opex) [a] is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system. [1] Its counterpart, a capital expenditure (capex), is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system.
Cost of living is the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living.Changes in the cost of living over time can be operationalized in a cost-of-living index.Cost of living calculations can be used to compare the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living in different geographic areas.
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A review article is an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic within a certain discipline. [1] [2] A review article is generally considered a secondary source since it may analyze and discuss the method and conclusions in previously published studies.