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The terms A-theory and B-theory, first coined by Richard M. Gale in 1966, [3] derive from Cambridge philosopher J. M. E. McTaggart's analysis of time and change in "The Unreality of Time" (1908), in which events are ordered via a tensed A-series or a tenseless B-series. It is popularly assumed that the A theory represents time like an A-series ...
The A series is tensed and the B series is tenseless. For example, the assertion "today it is raining" is a tensed assertion because it depends on the temporal perspective—the present—of the person who utters it, while the assertion "It rained on 2 January 2025" is tenseless because it does not so depend.
According to J. M. E. McTaggart's "The Unreality of Time", there are two ways of referring to events: the 'A Series' (or 'tensed time': yesterday, today, tomorrow) and the 'B Series' (or 'untensed time': Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday). Presentism posits that the A Series is fundamental and that the B Series alone is not sufficient.
His dissertation, Tense Logic and the Theory of Linear Order (1968) [5] was devoted to functional completeness in tense logic, the main result being that all temporal operators are definable in terms of "since" and "until", provided that the underlying temporal structure is a continuous linear ordering.
U.S. President-elect Donald Trump asked a New York judge on Monday to delay his Jan. 10 sentencing on his criminal conviction on charges stemming from hush money paid to a porn star. In a court ...
The question is not therefore whether time forms an A- or a B-series; the question is whether time forms both an A- and a B-series, or only a B-series. The proponents of the B-view of time typically respond by arguing that even if events do not change their positions in the B-series, it does not follow that there can be no change in the B-series.
The nation’s debt ceiling was reinstated Thursday, giving congressional Republicans yet another divisive challenge to contend with in 2025. President-elect Donald Trump is demanding that GOP ...
ZURICH (Reuters) -Israeli attacks on hospitals in Gaza have devastated the Palestinian enclave's health system and raised serious concerns about Israel's compliance with international law, the U.N ...