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  2. G protein-gated ion channel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-gated_ion_channel

    These pathways are activated by second messengers which initiate signal cascades involving various proteins which are important to the cell's response. G protein-gated ion channels are associated with a specific type of G protein-coupled receptor. These ion channels are transmembrane ion channels with selectivity filters and a G protein binding ...

  3. Signal transduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

    Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors , although in some cases the term sensor is used. [ 1 ]

  4. Cell signaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling

    The signal transduction component labeled as "MAPK" in the pathway was originally called "ERK," so the pathway is called the MAPK/ERK pathway. The MAPK protein is an enzyme, a protein kinase that can attach phosphate to target proteins such as the transcription factor MYC and, thus, alter gene transcription and, ultimately, cell cycle progression.

  5. Biochemical cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

    The basic unit of the Reactome database is a reaction; reactions are then grouped into causal chains to form pathways [115] The Reactome data model allows us to represent many diverse processes in the human system, including the pathways of intermediary metabolism, regulatory pathways, and signal transduction, and high-level processes, such as ...

  6. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    There are three kinds of contextual factors that determine the shape the TGF-β response: the signal transduction components, the transcriptional cofactors and the epigenetic state of the cell. The different ligands and receptors of TGF-β are significant as well in the composition signal transduction pathway. [2]

  7. List of signalling pathways - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_signalling_pathways

    In cell biology, there are a multitude of signalling pathways. Cell signalling is part of the molecular biology system that controls and coordinates the actions of cells.. Akt/PKB signalling pathway

  8. Insulin signal transduction pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_signal...

    An example of positive feedback mechanism in the insulin transduction pathway is the activation of some enzymes that inhibit other enzymes from slowing or stopping the insulin transduction pathway which results in improved intake of the glucose. One of these pathways, involves the PI3K enzyme.

  9. Cell surface receptor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor

    There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G-protein coupled receptors: the cAMP signaling pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway. [17] Both are mediated via G protein activation. The G-protein is a trimeric protein, with three subunits designated as α, β, and γ.