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2. Clamper (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamper_(electronics)

   A positive clamp circuit (negative peak clamper) outputs a purely positive waveform from an input signal; it offsets the input signal so that all of the waveform is greater than 0 V. A negative clamp is the opposite of this—this clamp outputs a purely negative waveform from an input signal.

3. Chopper (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper_(electronics)

   In electronics, a chopper circuit is any of numerous types of electronic switching devices and circuits used in power control and signal applications. A chopper is a device that converts fixed DC input to a variable DC output voltage directly.

4. Clipper (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_(electronics)

   A clamper circuit is not a clipper, but the simple diode version has a similar topology to a clipper with the exception that the resistor is replaced with a capacitor. The clamper circuit fixes either the positive or negative peaks at a fixed voltage (determined by the biasing voltage) rather than clipping them off.

5. Negative resistance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_resistance

   The reason that the output signal can leave a negative resistance through the same port that the input signal enters is that from transmission line theory, the AC voltage or current at the terminals of a component can be divided into two oppositely moving waves, the incident wave, which travels toward the device, and the reflected wave, which ...

6. Analog-to-digital converter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter

   The input signal and the DAC both go to a comparator. The comparator controls the counter. The circuit uses negative feedback from the comparator to adjust the counter until the DAC's output matches the input signal and number is read from the counter. Delta converters have very wide ranges and high resolution, but the conversion time is ...

7. Voltage doubler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doubler

   A voltage doubler is an electronic circuit which charges capacitors from the input voltage and switches these charges in such a way that, in the ideal case, exactly twice the voltage is produced at the output as at its input. The simplest of these circuits is a form of rectifier which take an AC voltage as input and outputs a doubled DC voltage ...

8. Transimpedance amplifier - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transimpedance_amplifier

   Current to voltage converters are used with sensors that have a current response that is more linear than the voltage response. This is the case with photodiodes where it is not uncommon for the current response to have better than 1% nonlinearity over a wide range of light input. The transimpedance amplifier presents a low impedance to the ...

9. Sensitivity (electronics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)

   The sensitivity of an electronic device, such as a communications system receiver, or detection device, such as a PIN diode, is the minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or other specified criteria. In general, it is the signal level required for a particular ...