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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death.
In 1916, Lenin wrote Imperialism, the Highest Stage of the Capitalism, in Zürich, during the January–June period; he sent it to Parus, a Petrograd-based publishing house set up by the writer Maxim Gorky, a five times nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature and Lenin's friend; it would become a part of a series of popular surveys of West ...
Daniel Beer of The Guardian gave the book a mixed review, while praising Ali for his sympathetic portrayal of Lenin within context of the political climate of Tsarist Russia, while criticizing him for withholding criticism of many of Lenin's authoritarian and unethical actions during the Russian Civil War and as leader of The Soviet Union. [3]
The concept of self-criticism was developed and expanded as an essential component of party politics, with Stalin justifying the doctrine by citing Lenin's "Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder. Self-criticism, according to Stalin, should be considered an essential component of Leninist (Marxist–Leninist) political ideology.
Leninism (Russian: Ленинизм, Leninizm) is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism.
The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78604-5. Volkogonov, Dmitri (1999). Autopsy for an Empire : The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime. Free Press. ISBN 978-0684834207. Williams, Simons (1984). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. BRILL Publishers.
He summarised his thought in the book Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism and also re-interpreted Marxism on the basis of reading Hegelian philosophy. When the February Revolution of 1917 led to the abdication of the Tsar and the development of the Russian Provisional Government , Lenin returned to St. Petersburg, now called Petrograd .
The defeat of all the 1917–1923 revolutions in Europe, except Russia, ended the Bolsheviks' and especially Lenin's hopes for an imminent world revolution. Lenin expressed this, stating he was not expecting a pre-defined date for other nations to achieve the same revolution in his 1918 Letter to American Workers. [17]
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