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Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine. [1] The condition is caused by excessive intravascular hemolysis, in which large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) are destroyed, thereby releasing free hemoglobin into the plasma. [2]
Tobacco smoking is the main contributor to bladder cancer risk; around half of bladder cancer cases are estimated to be caused by smoking. [37] [38] Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic molecules that enter the blood and are filtered by the kidneys into the urine. There they can cause damage to the DNA of bladder cells, eventually leading to ...
Hemorrhagic cystitis, characterized by blood in the urine, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, radiation therapy, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. [59] Medications that commonly cause this problem include the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide with rates of 2–40%. [59]
A new AI-powered blood test is the first to detect signs of breast cancer in its earliest stages when it is “far more easily treated”, scientists have announced. The new fast and non-invasive ...
Thus, a positive result for blood can represent the presence of red blood cells , free hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria), or myoglobin (myoglobinuria). [51] Red blood cells can sometimes be distinguished from free hemoglobin or myoglobin as the former causes a speckled pattern on the test pad while the latter results in a uniform color change.
It is especially recommended when blood in the urine has been detected. Urine typically contains epithelial cells shed from the urinary tract, and urine cytology evaluates this urinary sediment for the presence of cancerous cells [ 2 ] [ 3 ] from the lining of the urinary tract, and it is a convenient noninvasive technique for follow-up ...
There are two types of circulating tumor cell cluster, one that consists of cancer cells only is termed homotypic. A CTC cluster that also incorporates other cells including white blood cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and platelets, is termed heterotypic. [24] Heterotypic clusters are also known as microemboli. It is suggested that these ...