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  2. Mode (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics)

    In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values. [1] If X is a discrete random variable, the mode is the value x at which the probability mass function takes its maximum value (i.e., x=argmax x i P(X = x i)). In other words, it is the value that is most likely to be sampled.

  3. Normal mode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_mode

    In the wave theory of physics and engineering, a mode in a dynamical system is a ... tends to the classic value kT at high ... By knowing the thermodynamic formula, ...

  4. Action principles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_principles

    Action principles are "integral" approaches rather than the "differential" approach of Newtonian mechanics.[2]: 162 The core ideas are based on energy, paths, an energy function called the Lagrangian along paths, and selection of a path according to the "action", a continuous sum or integral of the Lagrangian along the path.

  5. Molecular vibration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_vibration

    A molecular vibration is a periodic motion of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other, such that the center of mass of the molecule remains unchanged. The typical vibrational frequencies range from less than 10 13 Hz to approximately 10 14 Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm −1 and wavelengths of approximately 30 to 3 μm.

  6. Power law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law

    The distributions of a wide variety of physical, biological, and human-made phenomena approximately follow a power law over a wide range of magnitudes: these include the sizes of craters on the moon and of solar flares, [2] cloud sizes, [3] the foraging pattern of various species, [4] the sizes of activity patterns of neuronal populations, [5] the frequencies of words in most languages ...

  7. Quantum mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

    Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.

  8. Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

    The expectation value of now becomes = (), where has units of mass and sets the scale of electroweak physics. This is the only dimensional parameter of the Standard Model and has a measured value of ~ 246 GeV/ c 2 .

  9. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.