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  2. Sapphire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire

    Cermax xenon arc lamp with synthetic sapphire output window Wristwatch with synthetic sapphire watch crystal. Synthetic sapphire—also referred to as sapphire glass—is commonly used for small windows, because it is both highly transparent to wavelengths of light between 150 nm and 5500 nm (the visible spectrum extends about 380 nm to 750 nm ...

  3. Gemstone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

    Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster. A gemstone (also called a fine gem , jewel , precious stone , semiprecious stone , or simply gem ) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or ...

  4. List of minerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals

    Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the various species. Within a mineral species there may be variation in physical properties or minor amounts of impurities that are recognized by mineralogists or wider society as a mineral variety. Mineral variety names are listed after the valid minerals for each letter.

  5. Corundum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corundum

    Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. [3] [4] It is a rock-forming mineral.It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. [7]

  6. Asterism (gemology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)

    Asterism is generated by reflections of light from twin-lamellae or from extremely fine needle-shaped acicular inclusions within the stone's crystal structure. [1] A common cause is oriented sub-microscopic crystals of rutile within the gem mineral. It occurs in rubies, sapphires, garnet, diopside, and spinel when a cabochon is cut from a ...

  7. Single crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_crystal

    Sapphires: Also known as the alpha phase of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) to scientists, sapphire single crystals are widely used in hi-tech engineering. It can be grown from gaseous, solid, or solution phases. [9] The diameter of the crystals resulting from the growth method are important when considering electronic uses after.

  8. Transparent ceramics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_ceramics

    Synthetic sapphire – single-crystal aluminum oxide (sapphire – Al 2 O 3) is a transparent ceramic. Transparent ceramics have recently acquired a high degree of interest and notoriety. Basic applications include lasers and cutting tools, transparent armor windows, night vision devices (NVD), and nose cones for heat seeking missiles.

  9. Mineral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

    In contrast, a mineral group is a grouping of mineral species with some common chemical properties that share a crystal structure. The pyroxene group has a common formula of XY(Si,Al) 2 O 6 , where X and Y are both cations, with X typically bigger than Y; the pyroxenes are single-chain silicates that crystallize in either the orthorhombic or ...

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