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Leflunomide, sold under the brand name Arava among others, is an immunosuppressive disease-modifying antirheumatic drug , [8] used in active moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. It is a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor that works by inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. [9] Bottle of Leflunomide (Arava) and tablet
The pathophysiology is not yet well understood. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is proposed to be the underlying cause resulting in reactive lymphedema. [2] Prolonged standing with full knee extension and minimal movement for a prolonged period of time is postulated to induce a temporary failure in pumping the venous and lymphatic systems in the calf region leading to acute gravity-dependent ...
Lymphedema can also be categorized by its severity (usually compared to a healthy extremity): [46] Grade 1 (mild edema): Involves the distal parts such as a forearm and hand or a lower leg and foot. The difference in circumference is less than 4 cm (1.6 in) and no other tissue changes are present.
The term "antirheumatic" can be used in similar contexts, but without making a claim about an effect on the disease course. [3] Other terms that have historically been used to refer to the same group of drugs are "remission-inducing drugs" (RIDs) and "slow-acting antirheumatic drugs" (SAARDs). [4]
Individuals affected by RS3PE typically have repeated episodes of inflammation of the lining of their synovial joints and swelling of the end portion of the limbs. [8] The arms and hands are more commonly affected than the legs and feet. [8] Both sides are usually involved though RS3PE can affect only one side in certain cases. [8]
Standing places significant pressure on the joint of the hips, knees, ankle and feet but without any significant movement of it. [9] This reduces the normal lubrication and cushioning of synovial joints, causing them to tear. The combined effect of pressure and tearing can cause extensive amounts of pain and make it difficult to move or walk. [3]
Standing desks and other innovations have made standing a popular antidote to extended periods of sitting. Unfortunately, standing may not be enough to offset those risks, according to new research.
Affected individuals have painful, stiff, and swollen joints, most commonly in the joints of the hands, feet, and arms. In some affected individuals, Felty's syndrome may develop during a period when the symptoms and physical findings associated with rheumatoid arthritis have subsided or are not present; in this case, Felty's syndrome may ...