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Babylonian law. Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC in middle chronology) Hittite laws, also known as the 'Code of the Nesilim' (developed c. 1650–1500 BC, in effect until c. 1100 BC) Assyrian law, also known as the Middle Assyrian Laws (MAL) or the Code of the Assyrians/Assura (developed c. 1450–1250 BC, oldest extant copy c. 1075 BC) [4]
Babylonian law is a subset of cuneiform law that has received particular study due to the large amount of archaeological material that has been found for it. So-called "contracts" exist in the thousands, including a great variety of deeds, conveyances, bonds, receipts, accounts, and most important of all, actual legal decisions given by the judges in the law courts.
c. 1800 BC – Laws of the city of Eshnunna (sometimes ascribed to king Bilalama) Babylonian law. c. 1758 BC – Code of Hammurabi – The most famous and also most preserved of the ancient laws. Discovered in December 1901, it contains over 282 paragraphs of text, not including the prologue and epilogue. c. 1500-1300 BC – Assyrian law
The laws are arranged in casuistic form of IF (crime) THEN (punishment)—a pattern followed in nearly all later codes. It institutes fines of monetary compensation for bodily damage as opposed to the later lex talionis ('eye for an eye') principle of Babylonian law. However, murder, robbery, adultery and rape were capital offenses.
The Babyloniaca is a text written in the Greek language by the Babylonian priest and historian Berossus in the 3rd century BCE. Although the work is now lost, it survives in substantial fragments from subsequent authors, especially in the works of the fourth-century CE Christian author and bishop Eusebius, [1] and was known to a limited extent in learned circles as late as late antiquity. [2]
Laws 196 and 200 respectively prescribe an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth when one man destroys another's. Punishments determined by lex talionis could be transferred to the sons of the wrongdoer. [123] For example, law 229 states that the death of a homeowner in a house collapse necessitates the death of the house's builder.
In 23 paragraphs, it appears in the form šumma awilum – “If a man…” After the disposition, a precise sanction follows, e.g. LU42(A): “If a man bit and severed the nose of a man, one mina silver he shall weigh out.” The Laws clearly show signs of social stratification, mainly focussing on two different classes: the muškenum and awilum.
The first page of the Vilna Edition of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachot, folio 2a. Early printing of Tractate Sanhedrin , originally belonging to a synagogue in Bobruisk The Vilna Edition of the Talmud , printed in Vilna (now Vilnius ), Lithuania , is by far the most common printed edition of the Talmud still in use today as the basic ...