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[2] This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell. There is also a counter mechanism in the body to stop the secretion of insulin beyond a certain limit. Namely, those counter-regulatory mechanisms are glucagon and epinephrine.
Insulin release from pancreas is pulsatile with a period of 3-6 minutes. [1] The insulin concentration in blood increases after meals and gradually returns to basal levels during the next 1–2 hours. However, the basal insulin level is not stable. It oscillates with a regular period of 3-6 min.
AIDA is a freeware computer program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose profiles for demonstration, teaching, self-learning, and research purposes. [1] Originally developed in 1991, [2] it has been updated and enhanced since, and made available without charge from 1996 on the World Wide Web. [3]
The traditional subcutaneous (S.C.) insulin administration regimens used by diabetic patients fails to capture the pulsatile nature of natural insulin secretion and does not reach high enough insulin concentrations at the hepatocyte level (e.g., 10 U regular insulin injected S.C. produce a peak systemic circulation concentration of 30–40 μU ...
The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
The hyperglycemic clamps are often used to assess insulin secretion capacity. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique: The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained at 100 μU/ml by a continuous infusion of insulin. Meanwhile, the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion.
In beta cells, insulin release is stimulated primarily by glucose present in the blood. [4] As circulating glucose levels rise such as after ingesting a meal, insulin is secreted in a dose-dependent fashion. [4] This system of release is commonly referred to as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). [10]
A combination of a rapid acting and a protracted insulin is also available, making it more likely for patients to achieve an insulin profile that mimics that of the body's own insulin release. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Insulin is also used in many cell lines, such as CHO-s, HEK 293 or Sf9, for the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies, virus vaccines ...