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Historical floor at the Jagdmagazin, Jagdschloss Grunewald, Germany In Germany, clinker bricks (German: Klinkerziegel ) are named according to the German Institute for Standardization 's DIN 105. They differ between full clinker (KMz) with a density of 2.0 to 2.2 kg/dm 3 (120 to 140 lb/cu ft) and high hole clinker (KHLz) with a density of 1.6 ...
Sulfate attack typically happens to ground floor slabs in contact with soils containing a source of sulfates. [2] Sulfates dissolved by ground moisture migrate into the concrete of the slab where they react with different mineral phases of the hardened cement paste. The attack arises from soils containing SO 2−
Primary efflorescence is named such, as it typically occurs during the initial cure of a cementitious product. It often occurs on masonry construction, particularly brick, as well as some firestop mortars, when water moving through a wall or other structure, or water being driven out as a result of the heat of hydration as cement stone is being formed, brings salts to the surface that are not ...
Example of secondary efflorescence in parking garage exposed to diluted road salt from vehicles entering the garage during winter. When water flows through cracks present in concrete, water may dissolve various minerals present in the hardened cement paste or in the aggregates , if the solution is unsaturated with respect to them.
Today, various types of FBE coatings, which are tailor-made to meet various requirements are available. FBEs are available as stand-alone coatings as well as a part in multi-layers. FBE coatings with different properties are available to suit coating application on the main body of pipe, internal surfaces, girth welds as well as on fittings.
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Both terms are used interchangeably but floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.
Gas exsolution can also occur when the confining pressure is released such as removing the top off a beer bottle or where subsurface water is flowed into an atmospheric pressure tank. As new cold water with dissolved calcium carbonate/bicarbonate is added and heated, the process continues: CO 2 gas is again removed, carbonate concentration ...
As of the 2020 United States census, the city retained its position as the state's 13th-most-populous municipality, [19] with a population of 73,620, [9] [10] a decrease of 1,452 (−1.9%) from the 2010 census count of 75,072, [20] [21] which in turn reflected a decline of 1,047 residents (−1.4%) from its population of 76,119 at the 2000 ...