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In set theory, the union (denoted by ∪) of a collection of sets is the set of all elements in the collection. [1] It is one of the fundamental operations through which sets can be combined and related to each other. A nullary union refers to a union of zero ( ) sets and it is by definition equal to the empty set.
In probability theory, Boole's inequality, also known as the union bound, says that for any finite or countable set of events, the probability that at least one of the events happens is no greater than the sum of the probabilities of the individual events. This inequality provides an upper bound on the probability of occurrence of at least one ...
To prove the inclusion–exclusion principle for the cardinality of sets, sum the equation over all x in the union of A 1, ..., A n. To derive the version used in probability, take the expectation in . In general, integrate the equation with respect to μ. Always use linearity in these derivations.
The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation "less than or equal" is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of "subset".
Union and intersection of Bloom filters with the same size and set of hash functions can be implemented with bitwise OR and AND operations, respectively. The union operation on Bloom filters is lossless in the sense that the resulting Bloom filter is the same as the Bloom filter created from scratch using the union of the two sets.
In probability theory, the chain rule [1] (also called the general product rule [2] [3]) describes how to calculate the probability of the intersection of, not necessarily independent, events or the joint distribution of random variables respectively, using conditional probabilities.
This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.
A meager set is one that is the union of a countable number of nowhere-dense sets. Also called a set of first category. measure 1. A measure on a σ-algebra of subsets of a set 2. A probability measure on the algebra of all subsets of some set 3. A measure on the algebra of all subsets of a set, taking values 0 and 1 measurable cardinal
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