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  2. Nucleic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid

    All living cells contain both DNA and RNA (except some cells such as mature red blood cells), while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both. [15] The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. [16]

  3. Introduction to viruses - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_viruses

    Some of these enzymes, called DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase, make new copies of DNA and RNA. A virus's polymerase enzymes are often much more efficient at making DNA and RNA than the equivalent enzymes of the host cells, [31] but viral RNA polymerase enzymes are error-prone, causing RNA viruses to mutate and form new strains. [32]

  4. Bacteriophage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage

    Structural model at atomic resolution of bacteriophage T4 [1] The structure of a typical myovirus bacteriophage Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4.. A bacteriophage (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ /), also known informally as a phage (/ ˈ f eɪ dʒ /), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.

  5. RNA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA

    Unlike double-stranded DNA, RNA is usually a single-stranded molecule (ssRNA) [4] in many of its biological roles and consists of much shorter chains of nucleotides. [5] However, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can form and (moreover) a single RNA molecule can, by complementary base pairing, form intrastrand double helixes, as in tRNA.

  6. Virus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

    Viruses are an established cause of cancer in humans and other species. Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons (or animals). Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families, including both RNA and DNA viruses, and so there is no single type of "oncovirus" (an obsolete term originally used for acutely transforming ...

  7. Bacterial transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription

    Bacterial RNA polymerase is made up of four subunits and when a fifth subunit attaches, called the sigma factor (σ-factor), the polymerase can recognize specific binding sequences in the DNA, called promoters. [3] The binding of the σ-factor to the promoter is the first step in initiation.

  8. Genome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome

    Retrotransposons [39] are composed of DNA, but are transcribed into RNA for transposition, then the RNA transcript is copied back to DNA formation with the help of a specific enzyme called reverse transcriptase. A retrotransposon that carries reverse transcriptase in its sequence can trigger its own transposition but retrotransposons that lack ...

  9. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

    Some viruses (such as HIV, the cause of AIDS), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. HIV has an RNA genome that is reverse transcribed into DNA. The resulting DNA can be merged with the DNA genome of the host cell. The main enzyme responsible for synthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called reverse transcriptase. [65]