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  2. traceroute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute

    traceroute. In computing, traceroute and tracert are diagnostic command-line interface commands for displaying possible routes (paths) and transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. The command reports the round-trip times of the packets received from each successive host (remote node) along the route to a destination.

  3. Internet Control Message Protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message...

    The ICMP header starts after the IPv4 header and is identified by its protocol number, 1. [6] All ICMP packets have an eight-byte header and variable-sized data section. The first four bytes of the header have fixed format, while the last four bytes depend on the type and code of the ICMP packet.

  4. ping (networking utility) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)

    ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including most embedded network administration software. Ping measures the round-trip time for messages sent from the ...

  5. MTR (software) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR_(software)

    My traceroute, originally named Matt's traceroute (MTR), is a computer program that combines the functions of the traceroute and ping programs in one network diagnostic tool. [2] MTR probes routers on the route path by limiting the number of hops individual packets may traverse, and listening to responses of their expiry. It will regularly ...

  6. Layer four traceroute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_four_traceroute

    Layer Four Traceroute (LFT) is a fast, multi-protocol traceroute engine, that also implements numerous other features including AS number lookups through regional Internet registries and other reliable sources, Loose Source Routing, firewall and load balancer detection, etc. LFT is best known for its use by network security practitioners to trace a route to a destination host through many ...

  7. ICMP Router Discovery Protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMP_Router_Discovery_Protocol

    ICMP Router Discovery Protocol. In computer networking, the ICMP Internet Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP), also called the Internet Router Discovery Protocol, [1] is a protocol for computer hosts to discover the presence and location of routers on their IPv4 local area network. Router discovery is useful for accessing computer systems on other ...

  8. ICMPv6 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMPv6

    ICMPv6 provides a minimal level of message integrity verification by the inclusion of a 16-bit checksum in its header. The checksum is calculated starting with a pseudo-header of IPv6 header fields according to the IPv6 standard, [5] which consists of the source and destination addresses, the packet length and the next header field, the latter of which is set to the value 58.

  9. Time to live - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_live

    Time to live (TTL) or hop limit is a mechanism which limits the lifespan or lifetime of data in a computer or network. TTL may be implemented as a counter or timestamp attached to or embedded in the data. Once the prescribed event count or timespan has elapsed, data is discarded or revalidated. In computer networking, TTL prevents a data packet ...