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With pleural effusion, fluid often builds up in the costophrenic angle (due to gravity). This can push the lung upwards, resulting in "blunting" of the costophrenic angle. The posterior angle is the deepest. Obtuse angulation is sign of disease. Chest x-ray is the first test done to confirm an excess of pleural fluid.
In radiology, the deep sulcus sign on a supine chest radiograph is an indirect indicator of a pneumothorax. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In a supine film, it appears as a deep, lucent, ipsilateral costophrenic angle [ 3 ] within the nondependent portions of the pleural space as opposed to the apex (of the lung ) when the patient is upright.
Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the middle mediastinum. Chest x-rays show a smooth density just in front of the trachea or main stem bronchi at the carinal level. When the cyst communicates with the tracheobronchial tree, the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst. CT scanning is useful in localizing these cysts.
A lung cyst, or pulmonary cyst, encloses a small volume of air, and has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm. [3] A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested, [3] but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well. [4] Pulmonary cysts are not associated with either smoking or emphysema. [5]
Chest x-ray of infant showing CPAM in the left lung causing a mediastinal shift towards the right. The cysts appear as bubbles in the left lung. Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare disease in which the lung airways develop abnormally in the fetus. This leads to infants having pockets of air and cystic masses in their lungs.
In effusions, the fluid layers out (by comparison to an up-right view, when it often accumulates in the costophrenic angles). Lordotic view – used to visualize the apex of the lung, to pick up abnormalities such as a Pancoast tumor. Expiratory view – helpful for the diagnosis of pneumothorax.
A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space, the potential space that surrounds each lung.Under normal conditions, pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal pleural capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by lymphatic absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional ...
A subpulmonic effusion is excess fluid that collects at the base of the lung, in the space between the pleura and diaphragm. It is a type of pleural effusion in which the fluid collects in this particular space but can be "layered out" with decubitus chest radiographs.