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For example, calculations suggest that Fe 2 (CO) 9 lacks an iron–iron bond by virtue of a 3-center 2-electron bond involving one of three bridging CO ligands. [ 5 ] Representations of two kinds of μ-bridging ligand interactions, 3-center, 4-electron bond (left) and 3-center, 2-electron bonding.
a) Doubly bridging and b) terminal oxo ligands. A transition metal oxo complex is a coordination complex containing an oxo ligand. Formally O 2–, an oxo ligand can be bound to one or more metal centers, i.e. it can exist as a terminal or (most commonly) as bridging ligands. Oxo ligands stabilize high oxidation states of a metal. [1]
Usually binucleating ligands feature bridging ligands, such as phenoxide, pyrazolate, or pyrazine, as well as other donor groups that bind to only one of the two metal ions. Some ligands binucleating ligands are symmetrical, which facilitates the formation of homobimetallic complexes.
η 2-C,O ligands are described as analogues of alkene ligands, i.e. the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson model. [ 3 ] η 2 -C,O ketones and aldehydes can function as bridging ligands, utilizing a lone pair of electrons on oxygen.
Phosphates exist in many condensed oligomeric forms. Many of these derivatives function as ligands for metal ions. Pyrophosphate (P 2 O 4− 7) [7] and trimetaphosphate ([P 3 O 9] 3−) have been particularly studied. They typically function as bi- and tridentate ligands. Structure of [(C 6 H 6)Ru(P 3 O 9)] −. Color code: red = O, violet = P ...
A bridging ligand links two or more metal centers. Virtually all inorganic solids with simple formulas are coordination polymers, consisting of metal ion centres linked by bridging ligands. This group of materials includes all anhydrous binary metal ion halides and pseudohalides. Bridging ligands also persist in solution.
Structure of Nb 2 Cl 6 (SMe 2) 3, illustrating a bridging thioether. [9] Unlike ethers, thioethers occasionally serve as bridging ligands. The complexes Nb 2 Cl 6 (SMe 2) 3 is one such example. It adopts a face-sharing bioctahedral structure with a Nb(III)=Nb(III) bond
Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. They are both σ- and π-donors. Chloride is commonly found as both a terminal ligand and a bridging ligand. The halide ligands are weak field ligands. Due to a smaller crystal field splitting energy, the homoleptic halide complexes of the first transition series are all high spin.