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The word "purgatory" has come to refer to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation. [4] English-speakers also use the word analogously to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment, especially one that is temporary. [5]
Luther's canon of the Bible excluded the Deuterocanonical books. Modern Catholic theologians have softened the punitive aspects of purgatory, and instead stress the willingness of the dead to undergo temporary purification as preparation for the everlasting joys of heaven. [4]
In The City of God, St. Augustine uses verse 32 to prove that there is a Purgatory after this life because it would be pointless to say, "shall not be forgiven… nor in the coming world," if there were no remission of sins in the coming world. As Lapide notes, "thus a person would speak vainly who said, I will never marry a wife, neither in ...
In the 16th century, Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the doctrine of purgatory because they believed it was not supported in the Bible. Both Calvin and Luther continued to believe in an intermediate state, but Calvin held to a more conscious existence for the souls of the dead than Luther did.
In general, Protestant churches reject the Catholic doctrine of purgatory (although some teach the existence of an intermediate state). The general Protestant view is that the Bible, from which Protestants exclude deuterocanonical books such as 2 Maccabees, contains no overt, explicit discussion of purgatory. [78]
Pope Benedict has announced that his faithful can once again pay the Catholic Church to ease their way through Purgatory and into the Gates of Heaven.
There are few, if any, Old Testament or apocryphal writings that could be construed as implying particular judgment. The first century Jewish pseudepigraphal writing known as the Testament of Abraham includes a clear account of particular judgment, in which souls go either through the wide gate of destruction or the narrow gate of salvation.
Hence, it is not immediately clear how to reconcile the mercy of God for unbaptized infants with the necessity of baptism and Catholic faith for salvation. Several theories have been proposed. Limbo is one such theory, [11] although the word limbo itself is never mentioned in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. [12]
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