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Situational syncope is often triggered by urination, swallowing, or coughing. [2] Carotid sinus syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck. [2] The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels, resulting in low blood pressure and thus not enough blood flow to the brain. [2]
The vomiting center of the brain refers to the groups of loosely organized neurons in the medulla that include the CTZ within the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarii. [2] One of the ways the chemoreceptor trigger zone implements its effects on the vomiting center is by activation of the opioid mu receptors and delta receptors. [6]
[citation needed] Bed rest interferes with the expansion of the chest and limits the amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in preparation for coughing, making the cough weak and ineffective. [ citation needed ] This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent ...
Reflex syncope or neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and heart rate decreases inappropriately leading to poor blood flow to the brain. [1] This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings, or a specific activity such as urination, vomiting, or coughing. [1]
The hypersensitivity of vagal afferent nerves causes refractory or idiopathic cough. Arnold's nerve ear-cough reflex, though uncommon, is a manifestation of a vagal sensory neuropathy and this is the cause of a refractory chronic cough that can be treated with gabapentin. The cough is triggered by mechanical stimulation of the external auditory ...
Successful joint models of medullary systems coordinating breathing, coughing and swallowing has been constructed based on this model. [4] [5] Coughing can occur or be inhibited as a voluntary action, suggesting control from higher systems in the brain. Functional brain imaging of voluntary, suppressed, and induced coughing show that a number ...
Composition and central connections of the spinal nerves; Pathways from the brain to the spinal cord; The meninges of the brain and medulla spinalis; The cerebrospinal fluid; The cranial nerves. The olfactory nerves; The optic nerve; The oculomotor nerve; The trochlear nerve; The trigeminal nerve; The abducens nerve; The facial nerve; The ...
[1] [2] Blood thinners may be used to treat or prevent blood clots. [1] The condition affects about 1% of the population. [4] It is more common in women than men and it occurs most commonly between 20 and 50 years of age. [1] The condition was first described in 1818 and the current term "thoracic outlet syndrome" first used in 1956. [2] [6]