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Nitrocellulose film on a light box, showing deterioration, from Library and Archives Canada collection. In 1855, the first human-made plastic, nitrocellulose (branded Parkesine, patented in 1862), was created by Alexander Parkes from cellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent.
Orders from countries fighting World War I required determining charges for different European military rifle cartridges, and production volume supported research for improvements. Improved military rifle propellants included a longitudinal perforation converting each grain to a tube with a progressive burning interior surface allowing a more ...
In 1884, Paul Vieille invented a smokeless powder called Poudre B (short for poudre blanche, white powder, as distinguished from black powder) [7]: 289–292 made from 68.2% insoluble nitrocellulose, 29.8% soluble nitrocellulose gelatinized with ether and 2% paraffin. This was adopted for the Lebel rifle chambered in 8×50mmR Lebel.
Cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are film- and fiber-forming materials that find a variety of uses. Nitrocellulose was initially used as an explosive and was an early film forming material. When plasticized with camphor, nitrocellulose gives celluloid. Cellulose Ether [54] derivatives include:
Ammonium nitrate is first synthesized by Johann Rudolf Glauber; it wasn't used as an explosive until World War I. [4] 1745 William Watson shows that an electric spark can ignite gunpowder, demonstrating the first detonator. [5] 1845 Nitrocellulose is invented by Christian Schoenbein. [6] 1846: Nitroglycerin is invented by Ascanio Sobrero. It is ...
Image credits: Nationaal Archief #11 Revolving Book Case, From Page 202 Of History And Description Of The Crystal Palace And The Exhibition Of The World's Industry In 1851
Nobel's patent specified that the nitrocellulose should be "of the well-known soluble kind". He offered to sell the rights of the new explosive to the French government, but they declined. Modern research [ citation needed ] shows that Vieille already discovered it in 1884-1885, about the same time as his Poudre B , and noted its high flame ...
Nitrocellulose is guncotton, the first replacement propellant for gun powder in firearms. A can of decomposing nitrate film Film stock with a nitrate base was the first transparent flexible plasticized base commercially available, thanks to celluloid developments by John Carbutt , Hannibal Goodwin , and Eastman Kodak in the 1880s.