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The prime decomposition theorem for 3-manifolds states that every compact, orientable 3-manifold is the connected sum of a unique (up to homeomorphism) collection of prime 3-manifolds. A manifold is prime if it cannot be presented as a connected sum of more than one manifold, none of which is the sphere of the same dimension.
Familiar examples of two-dimensional manifolds include the sphere, torus, and Klein bottle; this book concentrates on three-dimensional manifolds, and on two-dimensional surfaces within them. A particular focus is a Heegaard splitting, a two-dimensional surface that partitions a 3-manifold into two handlebodies. It aims to present the main ...
Flag manifold; Grassmann manifold; Stiefel manifold; Lie groups provide several interesting families. See Table of Lie groups for examples. See also: List of simple Lie groups and List of Lie group topics.
Putting these freedoms together, other examples of manifolds are a parabola, a hyperbola, and the locus of points on a cubic curve y 2 = x 3 − x (a closed loop piece and an open, infinite piece). However, excluded are examples like two touching circles that share a point to form a figure-8; at the shared point, a satisfactory chart cannot be ...
The fundamental group of any oriented hyperbolic 3-manifold is a Kleinian group. There are many examples of these, such as the complement of a figure 8 knot or the Seifert–Weber space. Conversely if a Kleinian group has no nontrivial torsion elements then it is the fundamental group of a hyperbolic 3-manifold.
The simplest example is m = 1, n = 2, when π 1 (M) is the quaternion group of order 8. Prism manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups: if a closed 3-manifold has the same fundamental group as a prism manifold M, it is homeomorphic to M. Prism manifolds can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in two ways.
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[a] This reduces much of the study of 3-manifolds to the case of prime 3-manifolds: those that cannot be written as a non-trivial connected sum. Here is a statement of Thurston's conjecture: Every oriented prime closed 3-manifold can be cut along tori, so that the interior of each of the resulting manifolds has a geometric structure with finite ...