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Surface chemistry cannot be ignored in microfluidics as the interfacial tension becomes a major consideration among microscale droplets. [30] Linas Mazutis and Andrew D. Griffiths presented a method that used surfactants to achieve a selective and highly controllable coalescence without external manipulation. [ 34 ]
The pH level of food influences its flavor, texture, and shelf life. [33] Acidic foods, such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and vinegar, typically have a pH below 4.6 [34] with sharp and tangy taste, while basic foods taste bitter or soapy. [35] Maintaining the appropriate pH in foods is essential for preventing the growth of harmful ...
Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering.They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted (X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed (Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product(s) (S ...
In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
The boric acid – borate system can be useful as a primary buffer system (substituting for the bicarbonate system with pK a 1 = 6.0 and pK a 2 = 9.4 under typical salt-water pool conditions) in pools with salt-water chlorine generators that tend to show upward drift in pH from a working range of pH 7.5–8.2.
Reactive oxygen species are damaging to animals and plants at the molecular level due to their possible interaction with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Sometimes these radicals initiate chain reactions. Ascorbate can terminate these chain radical reactions by electron transfer. The oxidized forms of ascorbate are relatively unreactive and ...
Example sub-disciplines of chemistry include: biochemistry, the study of substances found in biological organisms; physical chemistry, the study of chemical processes using physical concepts such as thermodynamics and quantum mechanics; and analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical ...
Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location. [46] In humans, exposure to CO 2 at concentrations greater than 5% causes the development of hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. [47]