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The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured. Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed from the 1930s onward, and remain in widespread use.
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A common form is a parallel-plate capacitor, which consists of two conductive plates insulated from each other, usually sandwiching a dielectric material. In a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is very nearly proportional to the surface area of the conductor plates and inversely proportional to the separation distance between the plates.
Differential capacitance in physics, electronics, and electrochemistry is a measure of the voltage-dependent capacitance of a nonlinear capacitor, such as an electrical double layer or a semiconductor diode. It is defined as the derivative of charge with respect to potential. [1] [2]
When two conductors at different potentials are close to one another, they are affected by each other's electric field and store opposite electric charges, forming a capacitor. [1] Changing the potential V {\displaystyle V} between the conductors requires a current i {\displaystyle i} into or out of the conductors to charge or discharge them: [ 2 ]
A diagram of a simple parallel plate capacitor, showing the plates, the plate area, A, the dielectric and the plate separation, d. Date: 25 November 2006: Source: own drawing, done in Inkscape 0.44: Author: inductiveload: Permission (Reusing this file) PD: Other versions: Derivative works of this file: Condensatore armature parallele.svg
Capacitors for AC applications are primarily film capacitors, metallized paper capacitors, ceramic capacitors and bipolar electrolytic capacitors. The rated AC load for an AC capacitor is the maximum sinusoidal effective AC current (rms) which may be applied continuously to a capacitor within the specified temperature range.
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