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The staggered conformation is more stable by 12.5 kJ/mol than the eclipsed conformation, which is the energy maximum for ethane. In the eclipsed conformation the torsional angle is minimised. staggered conformation left, eclipsed conformation right in Newman projection
The spatial arrangement of the C-C and C-H bonds are described by the torsion angles of the molecule is known as its conformation. In ethane , the simplest case for studying the conformation of alkanes, there is nearly free rotation about a carbon–carbon single bond.
Eclipsed conformation (image right in Newman projection) Staggered conformation. In chemistry an eclipsed conformation is a conformation in which two substituents X and Y on adjacent atoms A, B are in closest proximity, implying that the torsion angle X–A–B–Y is 0°. [1]
B is highest & A lowest in energy. A is thus the most stable conformation. Valleys are local energy minima. A can thus be classified as a rotamer (a class of conformers). Peaks are not rotamers, & are caused by repulsive forces of the hydrogens. Source for conformation names & rotamer classification:
Boiling liquid oxygen This is a list of gases at standard conditions , which means substances that boil or sublime at or below 25 °C (77 °F) and 1 atm pressure and are reasonably stable. List
The anti conformation is more stable by 0.9 kcal mol −1. [1] We would expect that butane is roughly 82% anti and 18% gauche at room temperature. However, there are two possible gauche conformations and only one anti conformation. Therefore, entropy makes a contribution of 0.4 kcal in favor of the gauche conformation. [2]
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Although ethane is a greenhouse gas, it is much less abundant than methane, has a lifetime of only a few months compared to over a decade, [30] and is also less efficient at absorbing radiation relative to mass. In fact, ethane's global warming potential largely results from its conversion in the atmosphere to methane. [31]