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While needlestick injuries have the potential to transmit bacteria, protozoa, viruses and prions, [6] the risk of contracting hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV is the highest. [7] The World Health Organization estimated that in 2000, 66,000 hepatitis B, 16,000 hepatitis C, and 1,000 HIV infections were caused by needlestick injuries.
In the case of HIV exposure, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a course of antiretroviral drugs which reduces the risk of seroconversion after events with high risk of exposure to HIV (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex, needlestick injuries, or sharing needles). [22]
A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV-positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post-exposure prophylaxis. [52] The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of subsequent HIV infection fivefold following a needle stick injury. [52]
The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV-infected person is estimated as 0.3% (about 1 in 333) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0.09% (about 1 in 1000) per act. [54] This risk may, however, be up to 5% if the introduced blood was from a person with a high viral load and the cut was ...
AZT prophylaxis prevented more than 1000 parental and infant deaths from AIDS in the United States. [22] In the U.S. at that time, the accepted standard of care for HIV-positive mothers was known as the 076 regimen and involved five daily doses of AZT from the second trimester onwards, as well as AZT intravenously administered during labour. [ 23 ]
Efavirenz is also used in combination with other antiretroviral agents as part of an expanded post-exposure prophylaxis regimen to reduce the risk of HIV infection in people exposed to a significant risk (e.g. needlestick injuries, certain types of unprotected sex, etc.). [11] [12]
Tablets of Truvada, a tenofovir/emtricitabine combination used for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention, commonly known as PrEP, is the use of antiviral drugs as a strategy for the prevention of HIV/AIDS by people that do not yet have HIV/AIDS. [1]
Atazanavir, sold under the brand name Reyataz among others, is an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. [2] It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. [2] It may be used for prevention after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure (postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)). [2] It is taken by mouth. [2]
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