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Several variations of bitumen roofing felt are available. Single coverage thicknesses range from 55 to 90 pounds per square (100 sq. ft.) for single-coverage; Double coverage range from 110 to 140 pounds per square. [4] Fibre content: mixed rag fibre - lowest cost, shortest life; all plastic fibres; fibreglass - longest lived; Bitumen:
However, an advantage of steel siding can be its dent-resistance, which is excellent for regions with severe storms—especially if the area is prone to hail. Embossed metal siding on 1890s building. The first architectural application of aluminium was the mounting of a small grounding cap on the Washington Monument in 1884.
"In 2002, asphalt sold for approximately $160 per ton. By the end of 2006, the cost had doubled to approximately $320 per ton, and then it almost doubled again in 2012 to approximately $610 per ton." [21] The report indicates that an "average" 1-mile (1.6-kilometer)-long, four-lane highway would include "300 tons of asphalt," which, "in 2002 ...
The weight designations originated with organic base felt weighing 15 or 30 pounds per 100 sq. ft. (6.8 kg or 14 kg per 9.3 m 2). However, modern base felts are made of lighter-weight fibre, so the weight designations, though common colloquially, are no longer literally accurate. [ 2 ]
Costs of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, access routes, local regulations, economies of scale (custom-designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. [13]
In the United States, fiberglass-based asphalt shingles are by far the most common roofing material used for residential roofing applications. In Europe, they are called bitumen roof shingles or tile strips, and are much less common. [4] They are easy to install, relatively affordable, last 20 to 60 years and are recyclable in some areas.
New Delhi’s Iron Pillar has long fascinated scientists both at home and abroad. But it wasn’t until 2003 that experts cracked the metallurgical mystery behind this unusual attraction.
American Metal Market (AMM) is an online provider of industry news and metal pricing information for the U.S. steel, nonferrous and scrap markets. Products include a daily publication available electronically, live news on the publication's website, a hard-copy magazine and a series of weekly newsletters covering niche markets.