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2. Faraday effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday_effect

   Michael Faraday holding a piece of glass of the type he used to demonstrate the effect of magnetism on polarization of light, c. 1857.. By 1845, it was known through the work of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, Étienne-Louis Malus, and others that different materials are able to modify the direction of polarization of light when appropriately oriented, [4] making polarized light a very powerful tool to ...

3. Magneto-optic effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic_effect

   In general, magneto-optic effects break time reversal symmetry locally (i.e. when only the propagation of light, and not the source of the magnetic field, is considered) as well as Lorentz reciprocity, which is a necessary condition to construct devices such as optical isolators (through which light passes in one direction but not the other).

4. Hall effect sensor - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect_sensor

   A radial magnetic field established by magnets on the thruster is used to trap electrons which then orbit and create an electric field due to the Hall effect. A large potential is established between the end of the thruster where neutral propellant is fed, and the part where electrons are produced; so, electrons trapped in the magnetic field ...

5. Magnetic field - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field

   The magnetic field of permanent magnets can be quite complicated, especially near the magnet. The magnetic field of a small [note 6] straight magnet is proportional to the magnet's strength (called its magnetic dipole moment m). The equations are non-trivial and depend on the distance from the magnet and the orientation of the magnet.

6. List of measuring instruments - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_measuring_instruments

   intensity of light magnetometer: strength of magnetic fields manometer: pressure of gas mass flow meter: mass flow rate of a fluid travelling through a tube mass spectrometer: masses of ions, used to identify chemical substances through their mass spectra measuring cup: liquid and dry goods measuring cylinder: volume measuring spoon

7. Magneto-optic Kerr effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic_Kerr_effect

   The magneto-optic Kerr effect manifests when light is reflected from a magnetized surface and may change both polarization and reflected intensity. The magneto-optic Kerr effect is similar to the Faraday effect, which describes changes to light transmission through a magnetic material. In contrast, the magneto-optic Kerr effect describes ...