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The Born–Haber cycle is an approach to analyze reaction energies. It was named after two German scientists, Max Born and Fritz Haber , who developed it in 1919. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was also independently formulated by Kazimierz Fajans [ 4 ] and published concurrently in the same journal. [ 1 ]
The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) to ammonia (NH 3 ) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2 ) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
In these cases the polarization energy E pol associated with ions on polar lattice sites may be included in the Born–Haber cycle. As an example, one may consider the case of iron-pyrite FeS 2 . It has been shown that neglect of polarization led to a 15% difference between theory and experiment in the case of FeS 2 , whereas including it ...
The Born–Haber cycle, an approach to analyze reaction energies, is developed by German scientists Max Born and Fritz Haber. Sydney Chapman and David Enskog systematically develop a kinetic theory of gases. Jan Czochralski invents a method for growing single crystals of metals.
In some reactions between highly reactive metals (usually from Group 1 or Group 2) and highly electronegative halogen gases, or water, the atoms can be ionized by electron transfer, [16] a process thermodynamically understood using the Born–Haber cycle. [17] Salts are formed by salt-forming reactions. A base and an acid, e.g., NH 3 + HCl → ...
Standard enthalpy change of formation in Born–Haber diagram for lithium fluoride. Δ latt H corresponds to U L in the text. The downward arrow "electron affinity" shows the negative quantity –EA F, since EA F is usually defined as positive.
This is a topic category for the topic Fritz Haber ... Born–Haber cycle; F. Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society; H. Haber (film) Haber process; Haber ...
A chance meeting with Fritz Haber in Berlin in 1918 led to discussion of how an ionic compound is formed when a metal reacts with a halogen, which is today known as the Born–Haber cycle. In World War I he was originally placed as a radio operator, but his specialist knowledge led to his being moved to research duties on sound ranging.